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A simple inclined plane. The power multiplied by the length of the plane equals the weight multiplied by the height of the plane

Simple Machine

A simple inclined plane. The power multiplied by the length of the plane equals the weight multiplied…

An inclined plane with a different pulley system layout.

Simple Machine

An inclined plane with a different pulley system layout.

An inclined plane with an inverted pulley system. No rule can be given for the ratio of power to weight. It can be explained using the principle of resolution of forces.

Simple Machine

An inclined plane with an inverted pulley system. No rule can be given for the ratio of power to weight.…

A wedge is a moveable inclined plane that is used to move heavy materials short distances as shown in the image.

Simple Machine

A wedge is a moveable inclined plane that is used to move heavy materials short distances as shown in…

A screw is a cylinder with a groove wrapped helically around its circumference. The groove is called a thread and the distance that the thread is drawn is the pitch.

Simple Machine

A screw is a cylinder with a groove wrapped helically around its circumference. The groove is called…

Friction is the tendency of a body to resist movement when it is being moved on a surface. The coefficient of friction is the ratio between the resistance of the motion and the perpendicular pressure between the surfaces as shown. P/W

Elementary Mechanics

Friction is the tendency of a body to resist movement when it is being moved on a surface. The coefficient…

Hydrostatics is a branch of hydrodynamics that deals with the statics of fluids that are usually combined to an equilibrium and pressure of liquids. Image a is a vessel with a wooden block of the same size and image b, which has the same dimensions as image a, is filled with water and has a depth the same length as the wooden block. The pressure per square inch would be 100/10 = 10

Hydromechanics

Hydrostatics is a branch of hydrodynamics that deals with the statics of fluids that are usually combined…

Water that is placed in an apparatus will have equal pressure if the pistons pushing on it push at the same time with the same frequency.

Hydromechanics

Water that is placed in an apparatus will have equal pressure if the pistons pushing on it push at the…

The effects of lateral pressure. The lateral pressures of any two points of the surface of the apparatus and its opposite side are equal.

Lateral Pressure

The effects of lateral pressure. The lateral pressures of any two points of the surface of the apparatus…

A hydraulic press which uses a hydraulic cylinder to generate force. The inventor of the device, Joseph Bramah, had also developed the flush toilet and studied the motion of the fluids in the toilet and developed the press to test it. O is a lever, which forces down piston a upon the water in cylinder A. The water goes through tube d into the cylinder where piston C works, causing it to rise which lifts platform K and compresses bales.

Hydraulic Press

A hydraulic press which uses a hydraulic cylinder to generate force. The inventor of the device, Joseph…

Pressure upon an oblique surface. In the image, pressure acts on all sides of the surface equally.

Oblique Surfaces

Pressure upon an oblique surface. In the image, pressure acts on all sides of the surface equally.

An illustration of Archimedes Principle. "If a body is immersed in a fluid, it will lose in weight an amount equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

Archimedes Principle

An illustration of Archimedes Principle. "If a body is immersed in a fluid, it will lose in weight an…

A hydrometer of constant weight. This device measures the specific gravity of liquids. The specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of the water

Hydrometer

A hydrometer of constant weight. This device measures the specific gravity of liquids. The specific…

A hollow cylinder carrying a basket at its lower end, which is heavy enough to keep the apparatus upright when placed in water. At the top of the apparatus is a pan for holding weights.

Nicholson's Hydrometer

A hollow cylinder carrying a basket at its lower end, which is heavy enough to keep the apparatus upright…

All liquids that wet solids that are placed in them will be lifted, while those that don't will be pushed down. This is an example using mercury and water. b is a glass tube in water, c is a glass tube in mercury. The surface of the water in b is concave, while the surface of the mercury is convex.

Capillary Attraction

All liquids that wet solids that are placed in them will be lifted, while those that don't will be pushed…

Velocity of Efflux. When an apparatus has holes tubes in them, the water that comes out will be the same height as the apparatus

Velocity of Efflux

Velocity of Efflux. When an apparatus has holes tubes in them, the water that comes out will be the…

water is issued from a hole in both vessels, one with a thin wall and one with a thick wall, the stream contracts a short distance from the vessel, and then expands again. This contraction is called a contracted vein, which was named by Sir Isaac Newton.

Contracted Vein

water is issued from a hole in both vessels, one with a thin wall and one with a thick wall, the stream…

If water is to be discharged and the inside edges are rounded and the tube is conical, then no contraction will take place.

Contracted Vein

If water is to be discharged and the inside edges are rounded and the tube is conical, then no contraction…

When the diameter of a tube is narrower in one part when compared to the other parts (a and b), then the efflux coefficient will be larger than the coefficient if the diameter were the same throughout the tube.

Hydromechanics

When the diameter of a tube is narrower in one part when compared to the other parts (a and b), then…

A weir is a rectangular orifice that is used to measure water discharge. In this example, the top of the weir is level with the top of the top of the box it is on.

Weir

A weir is a rectangular orifice that is used to measure water discharge. In this example, the top of…

Sprengel's vacuum pump. c d is a long glass tube. A is a funnel, R is a receiver, B is a flask and H is a dish. This vacuum pump was invented by Hanover native Hermann Sprengel in 1865

Vacuum Pump

Sprengel's vacuum pump. c d is a long glass tube. A is a funnel, R is a receiver, B is a flask and H…

An old fashioned weight lifter. A is a plug s the air stays compressed. B is the rod portion of a piston.

Weight Lifter

An old fashioned weight lifter. A is a plug s the air stays compressed. B is the rod portion of a piston.

A baroscope, which is a version of the barometer. It measures atmospheric pressure.

Pressure

A baroscope, which is a version of the barometer. It measures atmospheric pressure.

An air compressor. They come in many forms, most commonly in cylinder form - as shown. This image shows the inner workings of an air compressor

Air Compressor

An air compressor. They come in many forms, most commonly in cylinder form - as shown. This image shows…

A siphon, which illustrates the effects of atmospheric pressure.

The Siphon

A siphon, which illustrates the effects of atmospheric pressure.

A spring made from runoff water in a mountain.

Intermittent Spring

A spring made from runoff water in a mountain.

The part of the pipe that is above the highest piston travel point is the delivery pipe and the part at the lowest point is the suction pipe. This is a larger scale of a lifting pump.

Delivery Pipe

The part of the pipe that is above the highest piston travel point is the delivery pipe and the part…

This image is a centrifugal pump with one half of the casing removed. S is a hollow hub, a is a curved arm, also called a vane or wing, and are revolved with a high velocity of the arrow. The air between them is driven out by the discharge and pipe D. A centrifugal pump is a valuable instrument for raising water to enormous heights.

Centrifugal Pump

This image is a centrifugal pump with one half of the casing removed. S is a hollow hub, a is a curved…

Linear expansion is elongation (of an iron bar) in one direction. A is a metal rod, B is a screw, C is an eye, F is an indicator. As the rod heats, the elongation is shown by the indicator along D E.

Linear Expansion

Linear expansion is elongation (of an iron bar) in one direction. A is a metal rod, B is a screw, C…

Example of outer work. Outer work is the overcoming of the outside pressure through a certain distance by means of expanding. As the piston in the image is lowered, no outer work is done. Inner work is done. Inner work is the to push molecules farther apart against the force of cohesion that is trying to hold them together.

Outer Work

Example of outer work. Outer work is the overcoming of the outside pressure through a certain distance…

Isothermal expansion is a change in a system with a constant temperature. This occurs when: A. Said system is in contact with an outside heat source and B. The change in temperature is slow enough so that the reservoir can adjust through heat exchange.

Isothermal Expansion

Isothermal expansion is a change in a system with a constant temperature. This occurs when: A. Said…

Comparison of two engine efficiencies. Number 1 is in the reverse cycle.

Engine Efficiency

Comparison of two engine efficiencies. Number 1 is in the reverse cycle.

A sectional view of a human molar. The roots, or fangs, are shown covered by a layer of bone called "cement", which is represented by letter c. The center of the tooth is the vascular pulp-cavity v, d is ivory or dentine, and e is the hardest tissue of the body - enamel.

Human Tooth

A sectional view of a human molar. The roots, or fangs, are shown covered by a layer of bone called…

An Image of an esophagus showing how a mass of food, or bolus, passes through the esophagus into the stomach. The tissue in front is relaxed, while the tissue behind the bolus is in contraction. When food is not going through it, the esophagus looks like the wave of contraction in the picture.

Human Esophagus

An Image of an esophagus showing how a mass of food, or bolus, passes through the esophagus into the…

The cycle of the heart in its diastole (relaxation) state and its systole (contraction) state. The ventricles can be in a diastolic state, while the atria can be in a systolic state. An auricle is a small conical projection coming out of the atrium, but in some texts it represents the actual atrium. As the heart relaxes, blood enters from the other side and into the atria, then leaves and enters the ventricles. When the heart contracts, blood leaves the ventricles and goes back into the body.

Heart Cycle

The cycle of the heart in its diastole (relaxation) state and its systole (contraction) state. The ventricles…

A complex anatomical view of the heart. RA is the right atrium, or auricle, which receives the deoxygenated blood by way of two superior vena cava (SVC) and one inferior vena cava (IVC). The blood passes through the right ventricle (RV) and is pumped up to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries (PA). At the lungs, the blood is reoxygenated and returns via the pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium/auricle (LA). From there, the blood is passed to the left ventricle (LV) where the blood is pumped up through the systematic arch (SA) to the body. The systematic arch gives off a right innominate artery (INN), where the blood is then passed to the right and left carotid (C) and subclavian (SCL), where the blood goes to the head and arms respectively. It continues dorsally to the dorsal aorta (DA), which is the main artery that distributes blood to the whole body. TR is the windpipe, or trachea, BR is the bronchial tube that carries air to the lungs, and BV is a blood vessel on the wall of the heart.

Anatomy of Heart

A complex anatomical view of the heart. RA is the right atrium, or auricle, which receives the deoxygenated…

Striped, or striated, muscle which quickly contracts causing the alternating black and white lines. It has very delicate fibers (M FL). It is stimulated by nerve fibers (N F), which divide into an endplate (N E) on the contracting surface. N are nuclei, which are a part of elongated cells that fused together to make the muscle. M stands for muscle and N, except for nuclei, stands for nerve.

Striated Muscle

Striped, or striated, muscle which quickly contracts causing the alternating black and white lines.…

Three sections of smooth muscle. M C is muscle cells and N is nucleus. Smooth muscles are slow to contract. They make up the wall of a bladder and blood vessels.

Smooth Muscle

Three sections of smooth muscle. M C is muscle cells and N is nucleus. Smooth muscles are slow to contract.…

The elbow has a simple hinge joint. Tendons attach muscle to bones.

Elbow Joint

The elbow has a simple hinge joint. Tendons attach muscle to bones.

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which are fine protoplasmic branches that create synapses that connect to another nerve cell. The neuron is connected to muscle (MU) by a nerve fiber (NF). The fiber is covered by a sheath (SH) of fat to protect it. NE is the ending of the fiber that the muscle is connected to. LB is a lateral branch of the nerve fiber.

Nerve Cell

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which…

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through the sensory nerve-fiber SF to a nerve-cell SC in the ganglion of a dorsal or afferent (convey towards the center) root (DR) of a spinal nerve. The fiber divides in the spinal cord (SP C) where the message is relayed to an internuncial nerve-cell (A). MO is motor nerve-cell, VR is ventral or efferent nerve, ME is nerve plate, and MU is muscle fiber.

Reflex Action

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through…

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to the vitreous humor in the eye cavity; 2: a branch of a divided optic nerve; 3: ganglion cell layer; 4: inner nerve-fiber layer; 5: layer of bipolar ("inner granular") cells; 6: outer layer of nerve-cells; 7: layer of visual (outer granular) cells; 8: outer limiting membrane; 9: long and thing rods and short and broad cones; 10: pigment layer; 11: tangential cells; 12: bipolar cells; 13: amacrine cell; 14: centripetal optic nerve fibers; 15: centrifugal optic nerve fibers; 16: Muller's supporting cells. I, II, III: three areas of nerve cells in the retina.

Eye Retina

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to…

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle image), and a hypermetropic or far-sighted eye. In a human, the retina "sees" an image upside down and the brain rights the image.

Human Eye

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle…

Mendelian chart for chickens. P is parent with black dominant and white recessive, F1 is the hybrid generation of "blue" Andalusians, illustrating imperfect dominance, F2 is the second generation with 25% pure black (DD), 50% blues (DR), and 25% pure whites with black spots (RR)

Genetics Chart

Mendelian chart for chickens. P is parent with black dominant and white recessive, F1 is the hybrid…

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the animal into a "living ball". Notice how close its extremities are to its nose.

Skinned Hedgehog

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the…

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust pipe that leads steam to screen (C) and up the flue (D) along with other exhaust from grate (B). (E) is the boiler, (H) is the out-take pipe, (K) is the engine cylinder, (J) is the water-feed pump, (G) is a rotary fan that creates forced drought, and (F) is the flue leading to the grate.

Hancock Coaches

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust…

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage build. This diagram was drawn from an old wood cut.

Notable Coach

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage…

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth century.

Old-Fashioned Wheel

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth…

A form of gears that used to be employed for tricycles. The studs (AA) are set into the sprockets and turn on their own axes. They turn only when either of the wheels causes rotating (the other wheels are attached to B and C).

Differential Gear

A form of gears that used to be employed for tricycles. The studs (AA) are set into the sprockets and…

Gears used in an older model car. The sprocket gear (far left) carries three bevel pinions on its three radii. The pinions connect to wheels on either side with the wheels attached at the inner ends of the divided axle shaft (middle).

Gear Differentials

Gears used in an older model car. The sprocket gear (far left) carries three bevel pinions on its three…

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often at the turn of the twentieth century. The upper image shows a cross section of the gear, the lower a top-down view.

Balance Gear

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often…

A universal joint differential. The sprocket is used to twist the sleeve that is holding the gear in place. As long as the travel is straight, the pinions don't move on their axes. When an axis is turned however, rotation begins, which causes the two big wheels of the wagon to move.

Joint Differential

A universal joint differential. The sprocket is used to twist the sleeve that is holding the gear in…

A wheel of a car fitted with a double-chain drive from a jack-shaft that is parallel to the rear axis.

Power Transmission

A wheel of a car fitted with a double-chain drive from a jack-shaft that is parallel to the rear axis.

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

Car Cross-Section

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

The manner in which the wheels of a railway car orient themselves around a curve. The outer and inner wheels turn on different diameters.

Wheel Position

The manner in which the wheels of a railway car orient themselves around a curve. The outer and inner…

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle of the steering wheel carries a worm gear at the base of the head.

Steering Device

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle…

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is resistant to backlash and has almost perfect irreversibility. The image on the right is a typical irreversible steering device with a spirally grooved gear plate operating a sector.

Steering Devices

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is…

<p>A black kitty sitting on a grave stone.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Grim Kitty

A black kitty sitting on a grave stone.

Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II

<p>A cartoon of a Vampire as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Vampire

A cartoon of a Vampire as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of…

<p>A cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Bride of Frankenstein

A cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of…